AGRI(Turmeric)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and needs temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C, and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes, and re-seeded from some of those rhizomes in the following season.

The rhizomes are boiled for several hours and then dried in hot ovens, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a spice in curries and other South Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine, for dyeing, and to impart color to mustard condiments. Its active ingredient is curcumin and it has a distinctly earthy, slightly bitter, slightly hot peppery flavor and a mustardy smell.

In medieval Europe, turmeric became known as Indian Saffron, since it was widely used as an alternative to the far more expensive saffron spice.urmeric grows wild in the forests of Southeast Asia. It has become the key ingredient for many Indian, Persian, Thai and Malay dishes, not only in curry, but also in masak lemak, rendang and many more.

In Indonesia, the turmeric leaves are used for Minangese or Padangese curry base of Sumatra such as rendang, sate padang and many other varieties.

Although most usage of turmeric is in the form of root powder, in some regions (especially in Maharashtra), leaves of turmeric are used to wrap and cook food. This usually takes place in areas where turmeric is grown locally, since the leaves used are freshly picked. This imparts a distinct flavor.

In non-South Asian recipes, turmeric is sometimes used as an agent to impart a rich, custard-like yellow color. It is used in canned beverages and baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn color, sweets, cake icings, cereals, sauces, gelatins, etc.[citation needed] It is a significant ingredient in most commercial curry powders. Turmeric is mostly used in savory dishes, as well as some sweet dishes such as the cake Sfouf.

Although usually used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric is also used fresh, much like ginger. It has numerous uses in Far Eastern recipes, such as fresh turmeric pickle which contains large chunks of soft turmeric.

Turmeric (coded as E100 when used as a food additive)[5] is used to protect food products from sunlight. The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. The curcumin/polysorbate solution or curcumin powder dissolved in alcohol is used for water-containing products. Over-coloring, such as in pickles, relishes, and mustard, is sometimes used to compensate for fading.

In combination with annatto (E160b), turmeric has been used to color cheeses, yogurt, dry mixes, salad dressings, winter butter and margarine. Turmeric is also used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards, canned chicken broths and other foods (often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron).

Turmeric is widely used as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Many Persian dishes use Turmeric, for the coloring of rice bottoms as well as a starter ingredient for almost all Iranian fry ups (which typically consist of oil, onions and turmeric followed by any other ingredients that are to be included). In Nepal, turmeric is widely grown and is extensively used in almost every vegetable and meat dish in the country for its color as well as for its medicinal value. In South Africa turmeric is traditionally used to give boiled white rice a golden color.
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Erode, a city in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is the world's largest producer and most important trading center of turmeric in Asia. For these reasons, Erode in history is also known as "Yellow City"[citation needed] or "Turmeric City".[citation needed] Sangli, a town in the southern part of the Indian western state of Maharashtra, is the second largest and most important trading center for turmeric in Asia.

Construction of a Polyhouse

The polyhouses are constructed with the help of ultraviolet plastic sheets, so that they may last for more than 5 years. The structure is covered with 1501 m thick plastic sheet. The structure is prepared with the bamboos or iron pipes. Iron pipe structure is costly but more durable than bamboo.

Generally the length of the polyhouse is 25-30 feet and width 4-5 feet. The direction of polyhouse is always East to West, so that the maximum sunshine is available. The house should not be constructed in shade. The size of polyhouse may differ depending on the necessity. The polyhouses are kept cold or hot depending upon the season.

Use of Polyhouses:

From the point of view of earning more profit only such off-season crops should be grown, which are being sold at higher prices in the market. Big hotels in cities are mostly in the need of off-season vegetables and so is the case with some prosperous people in big cities. In such areas and also in the hill and remote regions where fresh vegetables are required regularly for meeting out the requirements of security forces, the construction of polyhouses is more lucrative and is a must.

The crops grown under the polyhouse are safe from unfavourable environment and hailstorm, heavy rains or scorching sunshine, etc. Crops of the polyhouse can be saved from birds and other wild animals. The humidity of polyhouse is not adversely affected by evaporation resulting in less requirement of water. In limited area of polyhouse, insects and pests control is also easy and less expensive.

By adopting the modern technology of polyhouse, the difference in the demand and supply of off-season vegetables and fruits etc. can be minimised. This facilitates in maintaining the quality of the product also.

Heating of Polyhouse

Heating is required in winter season. Generally, the solar energy is sufficient to maintain inner temperature of polyhouse but some times more temperature is required to be supplied to some crops. For this few methods are as follows:

1. Constructing a tunnel below the earth of poly house.
2. Covering the northern wall of the house by jute clothing.
3. Covering whole of the polyhouse with jute cloth during night
4. Fitting solar energy driven device in polyhouse.

Cooling of Polyhouse

In summer season, when ambient temperature rises above 400C during day time the cooling of polyhouse is required by the following measures, not only the temperature but also relative humidity of polyhouse can also be kept within limit.

1. Removing the internal air or polyhouse out of it in a natural manner.
2. Changing the internal air into external air by putting the fan on.
3. Installation of cooler on eastern or Western Wall not only keeps temperature low but maintains proper humidity also.
4. Running water-misting machine can control the temperature of the polyhouse.

Important Agricultural Crop of Andhra Pradesh

Agriculture is the backbone of the economic structure of Andhra Pradesh. Most of the people of the state are cultivators who earn their living by cultivating the lands of their forefathers. In order to increase the production of the agricultural goods, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has established a separate "Department of Agriculture" to extend a helping hand to the farmers of the state. The department imparts modern technical knowledge to the farmers to enhance the agricultural productivity.
Andhra Pradesh is blessed with a suitable weather to produce varieties of crops. The farmers of Andhra Pradesh practice multiple cropping pattern to increase the growth of the agricultural production.

Some of the important crops that are grown in abundance in the state are:

* Rice- Andhra Pradesh had produced 12458 tonnes of rice
* Wheat- The state had cultivated 8000 tonnes of wheat
* Jowar- The state had produced 619 (in thousand) tonnes of Jowar
* Bajra-Andhra Pradesh had grown 149 (in thousand) tonnes of Bajra
* Maize- The state had grown 1581 tonnes of Maize
* Minor Millets-Andhra Pradesh had produced 39 (in thousand) tonnes of Minor Millets
* Coarse Grain- The state had grown 2508 tonnes of Coarse Grain (All the figures are of the year 2000-2001)

Andhra Pradesh also produces other important cash crops like Groundnut, Pulses, Castor, Sunflower, Cotton, Oilseeds, and Sugarcane which helps the state to earn huge amounts of revenue.

The Department of Agriculture under the Government of Andhra Pradesh plays a pivotal role in improving the production and quality of agricultural goods of India. Apart from enlightening the farmers on the various modern techniques of producing crops, the Department of Agriculture also provides high yielding seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to the farmers.

Maharashtra Agri Sector

Maharashtra Government initiatives are very unique to make agriculture, horticulture, agribusiness, Food Processing industry highly competitive and successful in the country. Similarly Maharastra farmers are very enterprising and hard working and make agriculture a viable business.

We all know many success stories of the Maharashtra farmers. (which will be carried in the coming issues) We have contacted the agriculture department to know more about their new initiatives to make success of the agrisector in the State. When the agriculture Minister’s office is contacted they were so forthcoming to come out with their various new schemes and strategies.

Here we publish the answers we received from the Minister’s Office for our questions on account of Maharashtra agriculture developments which shows the way to other States .
1.How do you rank Maharashtra agriculture progress with other states?
Maharashtra is richly endowed with outstanding agricultural research and educational institutions both in the public and private sectors. It has diverse agro climatic and soil conditions.

Maharashtra has always taken an initiative in adopting new technologies.
The farm families are hard working and innovative. Given a proper synergy between technology and public demand, rapid progress can be made in improving the productivity, profitability, stability and sustainability of major farming systems of the state, as is evident from Maharashtra’s horticultural revolution.

Technological Evolution

* Originally fields were cleared of weeds and prepared for planting by hand at great effort, using primitive hoes or digging sticks

* The invention of the scratch plow (also called 'plough') about 6,000 years ago was a great labor-saving device for humans - the beginning of systematic substitution of other forms of energy, in this case animal power, for human muscles

* The Muslim Farmers in North Africa and the Near East of the Medieval world are credited with inventions of extensive irrigation based on hydraulic and hydrostatic principles such as norias, water mills, water raising machines, dams and reservoirs



* The Renaissance saw the innovation of the three field system of crop rotation and wide spread usage of the moldboard plow

* The early phase of Industrial Revolution witnessed new agricultural practices like enclosure, mechanization, four-field crop rotation and selective breeding

* The science-driven innovations of 19th and 20th centuries led to the mechanization of the cultivation, i.e. the use of tractors.

Indian Agriculture in Independent India

he early years of Independence witnessed accentuation on the development of infrastructure for scientific agriculture. The steps taken included the establishment of fertilizer and pesticide factories, construction of large multi-purpose irrigation-cum-power projects, organization of community development and national extension programmes and, above all, the starting of agricultural universities as well as new agricultural research institutions across the length and breadth of the country. However, the growth in food production was inadequate to meet the consumption needs of the growing population which necessitated food imports.

Green Revolution
Policy makers and planners, in order to address the concerns about national independence, security, and political stability realized that self-sufficiency in food production was an absolute prerequisite. This perception led to a program of agricultural improvement called the Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP) and eventually to the Green Revolution. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was set up. All these steps led to a quantum jump in the productivity and production of crops.

HARBEST AQUACULTURE PRODUCT(Aero mixer)

Harbest Agribusiness

Was established in July 1997 as importer and distributor for Known-You Seeds Co. products in the Philippines. Through the years, our product lines have expanded to include plastic materials like mulching film, seedling tray, irrigation and greenhouse systems, hand tractors, power sprayers, testing tools and many more. HARBEST imports 90% of its product lines from the most reliable suppliers from Taiwan, Korea and Japan. We are actively promoting the application of improved and doable agri-technologies from other countries as well as those developed locally. It is our vision that HARBEST shall continue to serve the Filipino Farmers as a real Friend.

Agri Policy

Govt. has especially set up the NABARD and agriculture ministry that takes care of the agriculture policy of the nation. In the modern era, the need to renovate the old policy was felt. Now there have been several new and transformed agriculture policies that favor the good of farmers and local agriculture industry. Launch of several programs for rural development have made the livelihood better for the small and big farmers. Following are some policies that assist the farmers to grow

(1)
Encouragement of latest technology for farming even in remotest areas. Emphasis on latest machines and tools.

(2)
Aware farmers about the usability of bio fertilizers and less use of chemical ones.
(3)
Aware about the other option apart from the traditional crops. Govt. wants farmers to grow like bio diesels, herbs for medicines. Also try out the animal husbandry and many other aspects.
(4)
Assure farmers for their worthiness of their investment and hard labor. Give the deserving share to farmers for their economic upgradation.
(5)
A definite policy that safeguards the money and good will of the farmers especially for those who are not self dependant with money.

(6)
Setting up the latest agriculture units that avails the research and development of the agriculture sector.

(7)
Subsidies on specific cultivations that maintains the balance between western and local agriculture market.

There are many more policies that have been laid down and many more are in pipe lines. Also, govt.’s national policy is target lift up the farmers and all other based on the agriculture sector. That is why it is eliminating the minutest errors and faults in the policy leading it to be the ideal one for others. The flexibility to upgrade policies is the best feature that has made national policy to compete at international level. At international platforms like WTO, govt. has raised the voice against the imbalance between the western and developing nation like ours and succeed to the world leaders to patronize our national policy for agriculture.

Agri Industry(Animal husbandry )

Animal husbandry means domesticating and raising animals like cows, sheep, pigs, camels and many more for different purposes. Animal husbandry is carried out since the pre-historic times when early men realized the profits of animal husbandry. In countries like India, cow and buffalo are the prime domestic animals that are used for plowing and in food products like milk, cheese, butter and many others. Another popular aspect of the animal husbandry is the poultry where chickens are raised for food like meat and eggs. One will be amazed to know that animal husbandry is carried out in the remotest areas in the world, domesticating of yak in hilly areas and camels in the deserts are the greatest examples of it.

In the present world scenario, animal husbandry is one of the integral parts of the agriculture. The agro-sector has climbed sky heights with undue assistance of the animal husbandry. The big brands have entered the business and revolutionized the traditional husbandry practices. The new hybrids are able to serve more than earlier ones. The new hybrids animals including cows and chickens yield more meat and milk. These hybrids grow at faster pace and need lesser attentions.

Animal husbandry with new techniques has led to better awareness for raising animals. People are more aware and conscious about the hygiene and safeguard their animals from predators and diseases as well. People have shown great deal of interest in taking guidelines and assistance from the help centers and magazines serving knowledge about the technicalities of animal husbandry.

The increasing demand of the food material like meat, eggs has made the animal husbandry a safe and sound occupation to invest. Even husbandries like fish farming have risen due to this fact. Several researches are carried out for the development of the animal husbandries. In addition, govt. fore sighting the profits is encouraging animal husbandry by setting several institutes and is flexing the policies that benefits to the husbandry sector people.

agri annamalai u.s

The Annamalai University owes its existence to the wisdom, benefaction and philanthropy of a far-sighted visionary- Dr. Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar of Chettinad. As early as 1920, he founded Sri Minakshi College in Chidambaram, a great pilgrimage centre and also a centre for South Indian traditional culture and learning. In 1928, the Annamalai University Act was passed and Sri Minakshi College paved the way for the establishment of Annamalai University.

Dr. Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar, during his tenure as Pro-chancellor for 19 years, paid great attention to the growth and development of the University and took immense care to appoint able Vice-Chancellors of extraordinary calibre and learned and enlightened staff members who were scholars and scientists of great repute as Professors and Heads of Departments.
Growth and Development
Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar

After the demise of Dr. Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar, his eldest son, Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar, a multifaceted personality of rare calibre, strove with sustained vigour and zeal to lead the University into new horizons by setting new directions and goals. The Directorate of Distance Education of the University is his brainchild and a definite asset to the University. It was set up in 1979 and has been rendering yeoman service in continuing education to all age groups across the country. The Faculty of Medicine along with the Dental College, Nursing and Pharmacy Departments were initiated in 1980, and thus the cherished desire of Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar to set up a Medical college under the umbrella of the Faculty of Medicine was fulfilled in 1985. During the span of 36 years as Pro-Chancellor he nurtured and nourished the continuous growth and development of the University.
Consolidation and Expansion
Dr. M.A.M. Ramaswamy - The present Pro ChancellorThe present Pro-Chancellor, Dr.M.A.M. Ramaswamy, was nominated by the Chancellor to succeed his father as Pro-Chancellor of the University. Blessed with the insight of a skilled entrepreneur, the organizational capabilities of an executive, the versatility of a venturesome industrialist and with the qualities of leadership and organization he has continued to show the same care and guidance for the growth and development of the University. Thanks to his guidance and encouragement, several new job-oriented courses like Biotechnology and Bioinformatics had been introduced in the various Faculties both on campus and off campus mode. His keen interest in sports has resulted in the growth and development of the Physical Education Department which now has an enviable addition of a Tennis complex, Gymnasium and a sports laboratory.

The University that started with only seven departments in 1929 has over the years developed into a famed institution of higher learning with 49 departments under 10 faculties thus gaining the reputation of being one of the few Institutions in India with all faculties under one roof. The University has the advantage of a well equipped Central Library and Laboratories that provide excellent facilities for undertaking research projects for Ph.D. and Post- Doctoral work. Several research projects, funded by national and international funding agencies including the State and Central Government, has been carried out by the various Faculties, in addition to which close co-operation has been developed with neighbouring industries for promotion of research and training programmes.

Research (Agriculture)

The company has been set up by Department of Information Technology, MCIT, and Government of India as not-for-profit Research & Development organization under section 25 of Companies Act. After completion of the initial phase, Government of India has approved a full scope programme for this company. The company works on the paradigm of collaborative research in the task of developing relevant and sustainable technologies and culturally appropriate solutions and bringing them to the daily lives of people. The company works with Academic and R&D institutions, industry, NGOs and Government in this endeavour.
Delivery of advice to the farmers based on the photographs and other information sent by the coordinators(educated farmers) on crops from the villages
Coordinating the working of the system by getting feedback from the farmers and up dating the same to the higher levels for the refinement of the system.
Making necessary field visits and interacting with the farmers.

Ari of nalgonda distric(Ap, india)

The Boundaries of Nalgonda district are Krishna and Khammam districts in the East, Mahaboobnagar and Hyderabad districts in the West, Mahabubnagar and Guntur districts in the South and Medak and Warangal districts in the North directions. Krishna, Musi, Dindi are rivers of the district. Nalgonda, Miryalaguda, Suryapet, Kodad, Bhongir are the main towns. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Pillalamarri, Nandikonda, Panugallu, Nagarjunakonda, Nagarjunasagar - Srisailam Sanctuary, Bhongiri Fort, Rachakonda Fort, Wadapally, Gajulabanda, Phanigiri Buddhist sites and Pochampally textile center are the main places of interest and Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple at Yadagiri Gutta, Kolanpaka Jain temple, Mattapalle temple and Rachakonda temples are the places of religious importance. Wooden crafts of Bhongir, Brass ware of Chanduru, Textiles of Koyyalagudem, Puttapaka and Pochampalli are the main handicraft of the district. Deccan Cements, Nagarjuna Cements, Raasi Cements, Kakatiya Cements, Nizam Sugar factory are the prime industry of the district. Forest occupies an area of 44% of the total district area. The district is placed in Number one position in cement production in the State. Ingredients used in the cement manufacturing are surplus in most parts of the district. So as many major cement
factories are holding their stake in this arena. Deccan Cements at Huzurnagar, Nagarjuna Cements at Ketupally, Raasi Cements near Miryalaguda, Kakatiya Cements at Kodada, are the major cement producing houses in the district as well as in the State. Nizam Sugar factory situated at Miryalaguda is another major sugar factory in the state. Pochampally Handlooms have their special place in the Garments industry is a product of this district. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam , the biggest earth dam in the World is the chief irrigation and power source to the state. The other sources of water to this district are through Left Nagarjuna Canal, Asifnagar, Saligauravam and Dindi Projects. Degree Colleges are affiliated to Nagarjuna University of Guntur Dist. Nalgonda is 103 kms from Hyderabad is well connected by road with important towns in the state.

Agriculture and Industry (Andhra pradesh)

Population of Andhra Pradesh is around 74 million and more than 70 per cent of its population live by agriculture, growing rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, small millets, cotton, sugarcane, pulses, groundnut, bananas, and tobacco. Agricultural sector accounts for 50% of the state income. The state accounts for about 55% of the country's production of castor, and about 94% of Virginia tobacco. Andhra Pradesh is irrigated by the mighty Krishna and the Godavari rivers and is aptly termed the Rice Granary of India. Nearly 23% of the state's total land mass is covered by forests. The major forest products are teak, eucalyptus, cashew, casuarinas, bamboo, soft wood, etc. Accounting for more than 98% of the country's production of barites, Andhra Pradesh has almost a monopoly on "Chrysotile asbestos". The important minerals found here include copper ore, manganese, mica, coal, and limestone. The famous Singaneri coal mines are located here. The state ranks fourth in industrial investments. Hyderabad and Vishakhapatnam are the centers for several important industries like machine tools, fertilizers, ships, drugs and pharmaceuticals, heavy electrical machinery, cement, electrical equipment, aeronautical parts, glass, etc. Telugu films have topped the list of films produced in India since 1994. The important power projects include Nagarjunasagar, Nizamsagar hydel power project, Sileru, Vijaywada, etc. With its recent foray into information technology, through the new hi-tech centre on the outskirts of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh is promoting itself as the 'No 1 State'.

Climate

The climate is generally hot and humid. The summer temperatures vary from 20C to 40C, while in winter it is between 13C and 32C. The South-West monsoons play a major role in determining the climate of the state. The North-East monsoons are responsible for about one-third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh. June to December are the monsoon months and the weather remains hot and sultry. October to February is the best season.

Evaluation and Research

Auditors for the Rainforest Alliance and its partners in the Sustainable Agriculture Network see firsthand the changes that farms and forestry operations make to comply with sustainability standards. Talk to an auditor and you'll hear stories about places where certification has made a real, tangible difference -- increasing local wildlife populations by enhancing forest cover or markedly decreasing the incidence of worker accidents by requiring enhanced safety precautions. These stories inspire and motivate, but to truly understand and quantify the cumulative impacts of our work in agriculture, forestry and tourism we need additional tools.

To this end, the Rainforest Alliance launched our Evaluation and Research (E&R) program in early 2007. The program examines the impacts of our work using three approaches:

Our research focuses predominately on the impacts of sustainability training and certification on the following areas:

* Water
* Biodiversity
* Environmental degradation
* Threatened and endangered species
* Treatment of workers
* Community health
* Competitiveness of community-based operations
* Overall costs and benefits of certification
1. The collection of standardized information (called 'global indicators') from every Rainforest Alliance Certified™ farm and forestry operation, as well as tourism operations participating in our Best Management Practices program;


2. The incorporation of 'impacts monitoring' into our projects, where global indicators are supplemented by additional indicators and methods tailored to a particular project and, sometimes, to the requirement of the donor; and


3. The establishment of research partnerships with universities or research institutes to use scientific methods to address specific impacts-related questions (projects like these typically have a narrow focus on a single organism or region).

Using these three approaches, we are increasing our understanding of the social, environmental and economic benefits of our work with farmers, foresters and tourism operators -- and communicating these findings to staff, supporters, critics, consumers and other interested parties. More importantly, the information gathered by our E&R team is helping to guide and strengthen our existing programs, and may eventually lead to the development of new programs.

Tractors and Implements

HMT commenced manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972 with technology acquired from ZETOR, Czech Republic and continue to upgrade the products.

Our Tractor Plants in Pinjore, Mohali and Hyderabad with capacity of 20,000 per annum, produces wide range of Tractors from 25 HP to 75 HP to suit various farming requirements. HMT Tractor manufacturing units have ISO 9001 certification.

Our products are reliable,simple to operate with safety features and are well accepted in the international market. We have exported our Tractors to USA, Czech Republic, Croatia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, South Africa, Senegal, Nigeria, Malaysia, Liberia etc.

The Tractors have:

* Powerful, fuel efficient engines.
* Roll Over Protective Structure for safety
* Hydraulic and Mechanical Disc Brakes
* Dual Clutch for travel and PTO operations
* Low maintenance and operational cost

We also offer Primary & Secondary Tillage Implements, Land Shaping, Planting and Harvesting Equipment.

Horticulture Plant Science(Faculty)

Faculty members in the College of Agriculture and Related Sciences combine a strong academic background with extensive industry ties and professional experience. As a result, they can offer career guidance and mentorship as well as classroom instruction. Many of our instructors are very active researchers, and they regularly provide undergraduates with opportunities to get involved in scientific investigations and research projects. Our small class sizes guarantee a high degree of direct faculty-student interaction.

Horticulture Plant Science(Research and Experience)

Horticulture majors at Delaware State have access to the Phillips Herbarium, one of the country’s most extensive collections of plant samples (and the largest herbarium at any HBCU). They also have the opportunity to get involved in Delaware State’s extension programs, which provide various forms of support to the wider agricultural community, including research, training, education, and public outreach. These programs enable Plant Science – Horticulture majors to collaborate with industry professionals on pilot programs, research projects, policy studies, and other initiatives. Undergraduates also enjoy opportunities to get involved in faculty-sponsored research programs.

All students in the Plant Sciences – Horticulture program perform a senior capstone project in sustainable agriculture. In this project, students perform a real-world agricultural analysis that integrates factors such as

* profit potential
* environmental impacts
* crop yields
* technological inputs
* labor requirements

Horticulture Plant Science(Professional Preparation)

Graduates of Delaware State’s plant sciences program have an outstanding success rate in the job market, in part because the program emphasizes experiential learning. Students build up their resumes and develop professional contacts through participation in on-campus research projects, extension service work, and internships. Plant sciences – Horticulture graduates go into careers such as

* greenhouse management
* landscape design
* lawn and landscape maintenance
* pest control
* ornamental horticultural crop production
* plant merchandising

About 15 percent of our Horticulture students continue to graduate school.

Horticulture Plant Science

Delaware State University’s Plant Sciences – Horticulture degree offers a unique blend of tradition and innovation. Our program addresses cutting-edge applications of Horticulture in modern industries such as medicine, energy, food production, ornamental plant selection and breeding. It also carries forward our institution’s 100-plus years of leadership in plant science education and research.

Delaware State offers far more hands-on experience than the typical horticulture program. Plant Science majors spend time in real-world learning environments, including our demonstration farms and greenhouses, extension programs, and herbarium. Our students get a practical first-hand education in subjects such as

* plant breeding and genetics
* soil and water management
* plant systematics
* weed, insect and disease management
* horticultural plant marketing

Chain Saw

We put forth for our clients a wide range of Chain Saws, which is procured from trustworthy vendors of the market. Our range is used for various heavy duty applications, and is suitable for cutting and pruning branches effectively. Moreover, the range is provided with two stroke engines that enhance the efficiency of the machine.

Features:

* Rapid acceleration
* Robust construction
* Easy operation
* Accurate designs

Hedge Trimmer

We are one of the leading suppliers of Hedge Trimmers, which come with two blades that enhance their functionality. Our range of hedge trimmers is available with rear rotating hand grip that can rotate +/- 90 degrees and is provided with 22.5cc engine and 65cm cut blades. Designed and developed in line with advanced technology, these are suitable for golf courses, camping grounds and resorts & hotels

Features:

* Easy to operate
* Adjustable utility
* Suitable for hard branches

Power Track

We have a carved a niche for ourselves by supplying a wide and exclusive range of Power Tracks. Available in various designs, patterns and colors, these are designed as per client's preferences and requisite quality standards. These tracks are suitable for discussion and conference tables. Our range is safe and secure to use and costs less in terms of electrical wiring.

wikipedia permaculture

Permaculture is an approach to designing human settlements and agricultural systems that mimic the relationships found in natural ecologies.

Permaculture is sustainable land use design. This is based on ecological and biological principles, often using patterns that occur in nature to maximise effect and minimise work. Permaculture aims to create stable, productive systems that provide for human needs, harmoniously integrating the land with its inhabitants. The ecological processes of plants, animals, their nutrient cycles, climatic factors and weather cycles are all part of the picture. Inhabitants’ needs are provided for using proven technologies for food, energy, shelter and infrastructure. Elements in a system are viewed in relationship to other elements, where the outputs of one element become the inputs of another. Within a Permaculture system, work is minimised, “wastes” become resources, productivity and yields increase, and environments are restored. Permaculture principles can be applied to any environment, at any scale from dense urban settlements to individual homes, from farms to entire regions.

The first recorded modern practice of permaculture as a systematic method was by Austrian farmer Sepp Holzer in the 1960s, but the the method was scientifically developed by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren and their associates during the 1970s in a series of publications.

The word permaculture is described by Mollinson as a portmanteau of permanent agriculture, and permanent culture.

The intent is that, by training individuals in a core set of design principles, those individuals can design their own environments and build increasingly self-sufficient human settlements — ones that reduce society's reliance on industrial systems of production and distribution that Mollison identified as fundamentally and systematically destroying Earth's ecosystems.

While originating as an agro-ecological design theory, permaculture has developed a large international following. This "permaculture community" continues to expand on the original ideas, integrating a range of ideas of alternative culture, through a network of publications, permaculture gardens, intentional communities, training programs, and internet forums. In this way, permaculture has become a form of architecture of nature and ecology as well as an informal institution of alternative social ideals.

Farming and Natural Resources

The physical aspects of sustainability are partly understood.Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive tillage (leading to erosion) and irrigation without adequate drainage (leading to salinization). Long-term experiments have provided some of the best data on how various practices affect soil properties essential to sustainability.

The most important factors for an individual site are sun, air, soil and water. Of the four, water and soil quality and quantity are most amenable to human intervention through time and labour.

Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth, crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes either unusable or suffers from reduced yields. Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate). Possible sources of nitrogen that would, in principle, be available indefinitely, include:

1. recycling crop waste and livestock or treated human manure 2. growing legume crops and forages such as peanuts or alfalfa that form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia 3. industrial production of nitrogen by the Haber Process uses hydrogen, which is currently derived from natural gas, (but this hydrogen could instead be made by electrolysis of water using electricity (perhaps from solar cells or windmills)) or 4. genetically engineering (non-legume) crops to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses or fix nitrogen without microbial symbionts.

The last option was proposed in the 1970s, but is only recently becoming feasible. Sustainable options for replacing other nutrient inputs (phosphorus, potassium, etc.) are more limited.


More realistic, and often overlooked, options include long-term crop rotations, returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile, the long-term use of biochar, and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients.

Agricultural Statistics At a Glance

1.Contents, Message, Foreword, Preface, Acronyms, Conversion Table, Methodology of Crop Estimation and National Income and Socio-Economic Indicators.
2.National Income and Socio-Economic Indicators, Outlays, Expenditure and Capital Formation in Ariculture and Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops.

3. Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops.

4. Yield of Principal Crops, Area and Yield under High Yielding Varieties and Area, Production and Yield of Horticulture & Plantation Crops.

5Index Numbers and Growth Rates, Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Different Countries, Minimum Support Prices/ Marketed Surplus Ratios, Procurement by Public Agencies, Per Capita Net Availability, Consumption and Stocks and Agricultural Subsidies.
6. Imports/ Exports/ Inflation Rates, Land Use Statistics and Inputs.

7.Agricultural Census, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, Ceiling on Land Holdings and Wages for Agricultural Workers, Livestock, Fish Production, Management of Natural Disasters, Conversion Factors between Important Primary and Secondary Agricultural Commodities and Appendices

Agricultural Statistics At a Glance

1.Contents, Message, Foreword, Preface, Acronyms, Conversion Table, Methodology of Crop Estimation and National Income and Socio-Economic Indicators.
2.National Income and Socio-Economic Indicators, Outlays, Expenditure and Capital Formation in Ariculture and Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops.

3. Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops.

4. Yield of Principal Crops, Area and Yield under High Yielding Varieties and Area, Production and Yield of Horticulture & Plantation Crops.

5Index Numbers and Growth Rates, Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Different Countries, Minimum Support Prices/ Marketed Surplus Ratios, Procurement by Public Agencies, Per Capita Net Availability, Consumption and Stocks and Agricultural Subsidies.
6. Imports/ Exports/ Inflation Rates, Land Use Statistics and Inputs.

7.Agricultural Census, Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers, Ceiling on Land Holdings and Wages for Agricultural Workers, Livestock, Fish Production, Management of Natural Disasters, Conversion Factors between Important Primary and Secondary Agricultural Commodities and Appendices

Origin of Agriculture

The beginning of 'agro' or 'agriculture' marks the beginning of 'civilized' or 'sedentary' society. Climate change and increase in population during the Holocene Era (10,000 BC onwards) led to the evolution of agriculture. During the Bronze Age (9000 BC onwards), domestication of plants and animals transformed the profession of the early homo sapiens from hunting and gathering to selective hunting, herding and finally to settled agriculture. Eventually the agricultural practices enabled people to establish permanent settlements and expand urban based societies. Cultivation marks the transition from nomadic pre-historic societies to the settled neolithic lifestyle some time around 7000 BC.

As per the modern definition of agriculture which would be" an aggregate of large scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and use of a specialized labor force", the title "inventors of agriculture" would go to the Sumerians, starting ca. 5,500 BC.

Indian Agriculture--Water-Management

Indian agricultural production in most parts of the country is closely related to skillful and wise water-management practices. Most of the agricultural practices in India confined to the few monsoon months. During the monsoon season, India is usually endowed with generous rainfall; although not infrequently, this bountiful monsoon turns into a terror, causing uncontrollable floods in parts of the country. In a matter of antithesis, every few years, the monsoon is erratic and deficient, leading to drought and the possibility of famine. This explains the inextricable link between Indian Agriculture and effective water-management practices known across different parts of India since the ancient times.
According to the history of the Indian agriculture water-management practices are known to have either been taken up by the state, or by local village communities since the earliest times. Regional rulers, or local representatives of the state were generally obliged to allocate a certain percentage of the agricultural taxes on building and managing water-storage, water-harvesting and/or water-diverting structures which facilitated a second crop, and provided water for drinking and other purposes in the long dry season.
The British rule witnessed the destruction of century-old water management structures and a virtual wreckage of the knowledge systems and cultural traditions that had helped build and preserve these water-management techniques over the centuries in states such as Bihar, Bengal, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and others. Owing to this, during the colonial era, famines were frequent and famine commissions were abundant. The growth rate in food production during the 1900-1947 period was hardly 0.1 per cent. Most of the important institutional developments in agriculture emanated from the recommendations of famine commissions. The great Bengal Famine of 1942-43 provided the backdrop to India’s Independence.

The stagnant performance of agriculture in India during the colonial period was turned into a sustained growth since 1947, with a stronger performance in India especially in terms of per-capita food production.

properties of sugar

ISolubility

In the natural state of foods, sugars are in solution. Crystalisation of sugar occurs from a sufficiently concentrated sugar solution, and use of this is made in the commercial production of sugar from sugar cane and beets. The most soluble sugar is fructose, followed by sucrose and lactose. The sugar that is the most soluble such as fructose is most difficult to crystallize than that the least soluble sugar, lactose.

Absorption of moisture

Sugars are hygroscopic. Fructose is more hygroscopic than the other sugars. Cakes made with honey, molasses remain moist for a long time.

Fermentation

Most sugars, except lactose, may be fermented by Yeasts to produce carbon dioxide gas and alcohol. This is an important reaction in making bread and other baked products. The carbon dioxide leavens the product and the alcohol volatilizes during baking.

Acid hydrolysis

Sucrose is easily hydrolysed by acid but maltose and lactose are slowly acted on. The end products of sucrose hydrolysis are a mixture of glucose and fructose. This mixture is commonly called invert sugar. The monosaccharides are not appreciably affected by acids. Heat accelerates the action of acid.

Enzyme hydrolysis

The enzyme sucrase also called invertase in used in the candy industry to hydrolyze some of the sucrose in cream fondant to fructose and glucose. This is done to produce soft, semifluid centres in chocolates. The enzyme is commonly added to the fondant layer around the fruit in chocolate-coated cherries.

sugar mills equipment

In sugar production following equipments are required:- Sugar plant, Sugar machinery, Sugar Mill Rollers, Automation, Pipes Tubes and Valves, Gears, Sizer/Grader, Pumps, Chains, Switch-Gear, Vaccum Pan, Rollers and Reshellers, Boiling House and Material Handling Equipment, Electrical Motor, Nickel Screen, 'V' Belts, Air Handling System, Valve Automation, Plate Evaporators, Chemicals, Cooling lizers, Distillery Plant and Effluent Treatments, Packaging, Welding Electrode, Wire Screen Tower, Taurpoline, Tent, Grease and Oil, Process Chemical, Conveyor/Elevator, Flexisheds, Liquid Storage Terminals at Ports, Insulation, Seals, Centrifugal Machine Spares, Mechanical Weighing Machine, Fasteners , A/c Roofing Sheets, Blower, Watertube Boiler, Textiles etc.

Fertilizers and Urea

The bio-chemical products like fertilizers and urea offered by us help in preserving the crops from pests and enriching the soil - an important part to sustainable production system. The services of experienced and knowledgeable researchers also assist us in developing tissue culture plants. We also offer sesbania seeds which are been procured from the best vendors in india. These seeds are been supplied in the packaging as per client' request. We Offer following fertilizers :

* NPK Fertilizer
* Monoammonium Phosphate
* MKP (00-52-34) ( TG) Fertilizer
* Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer
* Potassium Sulphate Fertilizer
* Calcium Nitrate ( Granular )
* Magnesium Sulphate Heptahydrate
* Chelated Micronutrient
* Organic Fertilizer
* Biocontrol Products
* Sesbania seeds
* Urea

Seed Separation Plants

We are experts in manufacturing of dry red chillies seed separation plants on turnkey basis. These plants are widely used by Spice Oil and Oleo-resin Companies for separations of dry red chilly pericarp and seed.
De-seeding plant comprise of machinery like conveying equipments, pneumatic equipment, cutter, pericarp cleaner, seed cleaner, pulverizer etc. Machinery are designed and manufactured with precision, considering technological developments to give optimum output and efficient working.